Character Analysis The Winner Of The Lottery

Character Role in Story Character Traits-use details from the characterization list Evidence from text-quote and page number Tessie Hutchinson The â€Å"winner† of the Lottery. Tessie is a free spirit because she is the only villager to protest about the lottery. It isn t fair, it isn t right, Mrs. Hutchinson screamed, and then they were upon her.(7) Old Man Warner The oldest man in the village who has participated 77 lotteries. He believes that the lottery will make society stable and towns that have stopped doing them are crazy fools. Old Man Warner snorted. Pack of crazy fools, he said. Listening to the young folks, nothing s good enough for them. Mr. Summers The administrator of the lottery. He has complete control and leadership in society. It had a black spot on it, the black spot Mr. Summers had made the night before with the heavy pencil in the coal company office.(7) Bill Hutchinson Tessie husband who snatches his wife’s paper that it was marked with a black dot. Bill might have been nervous for participating the lottery. Harburt.... Hutchinson. Get up there, Bill, Mrs. Hutchinson said. and the people near her laughed.(4) Short Story Record First and Last Name: Ashley Pagador Story Title: The Lottery Author: Shirley Jackson Number of Pages: 7 Publisher and City of Publication: The New Yorker Copyright Date: 1949 One of the best stories I’ve read. I would NOT recommend this to anyoneShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Rocking Horse Winner And The Lottery772 Words   |  4 PagesAn Analysis exploring the irony in â€Å"The â€Å"Rocking-Horse Winner† and â€Å"The â€Å"Lottery† Often times an author will use irony as a literally technique to throw a twist in his story, whereby allowing the outcome of it to be completely different from what the reader expected. In D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† and Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† Mrs. Hutchinson and Paul, despite their motivation, are victims of misguided reasoning, resulting in the irony of each character’s demise. In fact, eachRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Winning the Lottery Essay847 Words   |  4 Pageslife, people have a tendency to ruin a good thing while it’s going. People become overwhelmed with the joy and fulfillment and begin to react irresponsible. For instance, a great thing such as winning can result into something horrible. Winning the lottery not only can bring happiness into someone’s life, but as well cause their life to be a complete nightmare. When a person goes from being considerably poor to having millions of dollars, it impacts their lives to a great extent by causing them to becomeRead Moreâ€Å"the Lottery† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† Regardless of the type of society people live in controversial topics and cowardly individuals can create conflict. The stories â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway implement this concept. â€Å"The Lottery† is about a small town that holds an annual lottery in which the winner will be killed. â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† is the story of a couple’s discussion over the decision they must make of whether orRead MoreUse of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson954 Words   |  4 Pagesinterpreted in a different way. 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In this interview Shirley explained why she wrote the short story in the following excerpt ; I hoped, by setting a particularly brutal ancientRead MoreThe Lottery Character Analysis Essay708 Words   |  3 PagesThe Lottery Character Analysis â€Å"Justice is doing for others what we would want done for ourselves,† -Gary Haugen. Gary Haugen is trying to say that seeking justice for others is important because that is what people would want done for themselves. In Jackson Shirley’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†, the main character, Tessie Hutchinson, must bring justice to her community. Tessie must try to get her village to realize that their annual lottery is not just. Tessie believes this is not just because theyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1438 Words   |  6 PagesWriter Shirley Jackson was born in 1916 in San Francisco, California. Among her early works was The Lottery.Do not be fooled by this name.The Lottery was the highly controversial and famous tale about a village that partakes in an annual death ritual. On June 26, 1948, subscribers to The New Yorker received a new issue of the magazine in the mail. There was nothing to outwardly indicate that it would be any different, or any more special, than any other issue. But inside was a story that editorsRead MoreUse of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1146 Words   |  5 Pagesbulb represents ideas that just sparked into a character’s head. In the short story, â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, a village has just entered the month of June, meaning that the lottery is to begin. When everyone was present, the heads of the households’ names were called one by one to pick up a slip of paper. It was then discovered that the Hutchinson family was the chosen family to participate in the lottery again. When Mr. Hutchinson, Mrs. Hutchinson, Bill Jr., Nancy, and Little Dave each gotRead MoreActs of Violence and Brutality Illustrated in Jacksons The Lottery and Hurstons Sweat1615 Words   |  7 Pagesstory? In examining â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, and comparing it to â€Å"Sweat† by Zora Neale Hurston, I will illustrate how the acts of violence and brutality that we have read about represent deeper issues within society, specifically male dominance and female oppression. I will begin with a brief background of each story. â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, is narrated in a third-person, objective point of view. Published in The New Yorker on June 28, 1948, â€Å"The Lottery is â€Å"Jackson’s best-knownRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1349 Words   |  6 Pages In â€Å"The Lottery,† Shirley Jackson uses symbolism to demonstrate how even with religion present, people still conform to tradition and in this case, human sacrifice. Symbolism is when the author uses symbolism to express a certain idea or quality throughout their work. Tradition has always been important all over the world and it is something that continues to hold strong to this day. â€Å"The Lottery† within itself contains a whole other meaning to the word tradition. It is present every year, which

Behavioral Parent Training For Managing ADHD and...

Behavioral Parent Training For Managing ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Behavioral Parent Training For Managing ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Excessive levels of hyperactivity and inattention can be extremely impairing for both the afflicted child and their caretakers. Children with ADHD can experience problems with cogni-tion, poor academic achievement, troubled peer relationships, and heightened household conflict (Barkley, 1997; Loe 2007; Bagwell, 2001; Harpen, 2005). These children often present with in-creased aggression that can result in a comorbid diagnosis of conduct disorder or other disruptive behavioral disorders (Jensen, 1997). The heterogeneous symptoms of this disorder can make se-lecting a treatment course particularly challenging. 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Leadership Marketing Institutional Affiliation †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Marketing Institutional Affiliation. Answer: Introduction: Although there are many similarities between global and domestic leaders, but still global leaders are seen facing more challenges like language, mindset of different culture people, and difference in background. Thus developing competency among leaders related to transnational marketing is very important. Challenges faced by transnational marketing leaders usually comprises of ones that are related to technology and complex nature of work under different situations. They are also entitled to manage gaps between rich and poor by adapting flexible and adjusting nature in their work culture(Guetz, 2015). Out of various types of leadership competencies related to transnational marketing, three of the most important of them comprises of developing fundamental characteristics out of them. Ones which are also denoted as centre of global leadership competency include personal transformation and self awareness. Secondly, mental character of leader to manage issues by guiding and concreting actions, relates to desire of mental characteristic of leaders who can perform their work after optimising maximum resources. Other than this they are also self consistent, empathically strong and possess judgment skills. They are also entitled to motivate other employees working under international environment and accepting the complexity of working with different cultures. Thirdly, aspiration of behavioural competency among transnational marketing leaders is also found that relates to the quality of leaders recounting social networking skills and knowledge. Here tangible knowledge and explicit skills a re considered in order to provide visible results. Applying a framework of competency by emphasising more on education and assessment is desired to accelerate special types of transnational markets(Jokinen, 2004). Business strategy that focuses on single point of sale connections to emphasise on maximising efficiency and volume by selling products to individuals rather than building relationship with the buyers in called transactional marketing. These kinds of marketing strategy are depended on 4 Ps principles which are: Product, Pricing, Placement and Promotion(TechTarget, 2014). This kind of marketing strategy has proved to be expensive but provides benefits in long run. These kind of marketing require developing individual sales approach for which mobility contributes as an important factor. Since customers nowadays are highly depended on marketing strategies, creating buyer and seller relationship has become very significant. Transactional marketing lacks maintaining strong relationship with its customers and thus demands more flexible approach which can be fulfilled after involving mobility in its transactions. Creating brand loyalty among customers has also become focal point of many organisations. Thus two-way communication is facilitated by bigger companies through relationship management teams. With the growing technology and internet availability, bringing mobility in relationship management to increase sales through transactional marketing has become easier than before allowing companies to monitor customers demand and issues that can help in improving their brand. In transactional marketing, companies targets in making quick sales without wasting time on customer relationships and thus giving discounts and other benefits becomes mandatory. If mobility in busines s is applied it becomes tempting for other resources to invest in the business. However cost of making new customers becomes higher since penetrating in newer market is always costlier(Castro, 2015) References: Castro, J. (2015, 09 04). Relationship Marketing vs. Transactional Marketing: A Biased Discussion. Retrieved from https://www.multiversemediagroup.com/marketing-tips/relationship-marketing-vs-transactional-marketing-a-biased-discussion/ Guetz, I. A. (2015, 06). Transnational Strategy Shift: The Importance of Cultural Awareness. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/958e/4742d8e940cac950ecc9ec3fae3e290de749.pdf Jokinen, T. (2004). Global leadership competencies: a review and discussion. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.457.4572rep=rep1type=pdf TechTarget. (2014). Relationship Marketing. Retrieved from https://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/relationship-marketing

Organizational Discourse of Social Activities

Introduction Communication is an essential part of everyone’s life, both in daily activities and in the workplace. Therefore, applied linguistics has started to take an active interest in identifying the recurrent patterns of language usage by people in various contexts, with various backgrounds, and in different professional settings.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Discourse of Social Activities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The issue of institutional discourse has come to the forefront of scientific attention only after the essence of discourse specificity and close relationships to the type of social activity performed have been identified. Consequently, the modern period of discursive linguistics studies is marked by the quest for connections between the conceptual world, making each setting distinct, and its realization through linguistic means in the process of professiona l communication. Seeing language and communication as a knowledge-based concepts enables the researchers to draw the necessary parallels between the construction of communal knowledge, the formation of distributed cognition and knowledge-sharing in the institutional settings as essential factors for institutional discourse research. These issues are taken as the basic theoretical framework of the present paper to identify the institutional genres typical for particular institutions, as well as the ways to achieve the communicative goals within the institutional setting. The second part of the work is dedicated to a more practical overview of institutional genres and knowledge-making in financial institutions, in the Canadian setting in particular. The overall purpose of the paper is to identify the specificity of institutional genres, to determine their goals and meaningfulness within institutions, and to connect the theoretical findings on the empirical research accomplished by suc h authors as Smart and Darville. The Theoretical Framework of the Literature Review The concept of discourse. The concept of discourse is the key deriving point of the present theoretical framework, as it actually constitutes the subject of investigation. It can be defined from the formalist and structural perspective as â€Å"language above the clause† (Stubbs, 1983, cited in Mayr, 2008, p. 7).Advertising Looking for research paper on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This definition encompasses the organization and cohesion of the language but represents a somewhat limited perspective of viewing the social context, individual characteristics of the speaker, the functions and purposes of linguistic acts. Hence, the functionalist paradigm for considering the discourse is more suitable for the present research – it denotes the discourse as â€Å"language in use† (Mayr, 2008, p. 7). According to the functionalist approach, language should reflect the social aspect of its usage, so it cannot be detached from the context in which it is applied. Judging the language usage from the point of view of discourse implies that language is seen as action and social behavior, a particular form of social practice (Mayr, 2008, p. 9). This insight into the notion of discourse is extremely helpful for the institutional discourse analysis as it helps view language as the two-way relationship between the discursive event and the situation, the institution, the social structure in which it takes place (Mayr, 2008, p. 8). Language is thus a crucial contributor to the construction of the social reality and reality construction on the whole. Taking the theory of Foucault about language as a set of statements to describe a particular topic, the researcher can also draw parallels with the institutional discourse analysis (Mayr, 2008, p. 8). Deriving from Foucault’s thesis, the discourse actuall y constructs the topic for discussion and governs the way it may be meaningfully discussed, which is vital in the process of institutional discourse analysis, with the proper regard of the specific topics, constructs and concepts forming the distributed cognition framework in particular institutions. Critical discourse and organizational discourse analysis. The critical discourse analysis serves as the main tool for discourse analysis in the present work, since it represents theory and method of the way language is used by individuals and institutions (Mayr, 2008, p. 8).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Discourse of Social Activities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It explores the relationships between discourse, power, dominance and social inequality, and investigates the ways discourse can produce, reproduce, and maintain those relationships (Mayr, 2008, p. 9). However, the critical dis course analysis has to take the interdisciplinary approach to be able to grasp the multitude of interactions and enacted processes in the discourse construction. In terms of finding the adequate interdisciplinary approach, the researcher has to take a deeper insight into the organizational discourse analysis that provides the framework for the study of particular institutional discourses as distinctive entities. It draws its methods from the theoretical linguistics that gives the theoretical framework for describing the structure and functions of the language used in particular institutions, and from sociolinguistics that gives means for establishing social relations within the language usage such as solidarity, power, social identity and networks (Fox Fox, 2004, p. 183). The critical discourse analysis may be implemented to unveil the concepts of causality and determination within the discursive language structures, while the media theory explored only recently can provide explana tions for the nature of the institutional discourse’s publicness (Fox Fox, 2004). Institutions and institutional discourse. The role that the institutional discourse plays in shaping the institutions nowadays is widely recognized. The institutions are considered to be able to create and impose discourses, and they can also foster certain identities within their framework. However, the question arises on why the language is so important in the modern institutional research. The answer lies within the framework of the knowledge-driven society that uses language and discourse to bring together realities described. Since the institutions have the primary role in the reality construction, it materializes and internalizes in the institutional social practices, defining identities of people, through the specific linguistic means (Mayr, 2008, p. 6). The complexity in identifying the institutional discourse derives from the complexity in defining the institution itself; there are var ying definitions including both the concept of the building in which a particular organization is located, the organization itself (usually related to education, public service or culture), or the place for the care for destitute, disabled or ill (Mayr, 2008, p. 4).Advertising Looking for research paper on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The concept of an institution is closely linked to the issue of power, as the representatives of the institution are usually referred to as ‘experts’, and non-representatives are regarded as ‘clients’ (Mayr, 2008, p. 4). In addition, institutions impose power on people (by means of persuasion and consent) and use language to constitute a coherent social reality, to generate patterns for shared understanding of the institution-specific concepts that people apply in their social practices (Mayr, 2008, p. 4). There are varying opinions on the role of the institutional discourse; it used to be considered a bureaucratic-instrumental, authoritative, and restrictive tool for imposing the institutional regulations on employees and outside clients. However, nowadays there is much research indicating the productive functions of the institutional discourse as well – members of the institution use it to share the professional conceptual world, and to construct t he specific institutional knowledge (Mayr, 2008). Disciplinary perspectives of business discourse. There are many disciplines that turned out helpful in the analysis of the institutional discourse; some of them are linguistic anthropology, gender studies, the social construction of reality, and pragmatics (Bargiella-Chiappini, 2009, pp. 194-256). These disciplines can be successfully applied to discursive analysis in various institutional settings. For example, linguistic anthropology provides the qualitative analysis of recurrent themes and patterns of the organizational discourses (e.g., narrative at the workplace utilized in the present study). Gender studies are a useful tool for the research in the field of gendered discourses and can be applied for finding the linguistic patterns applied by men and women in various institutional settings. The social construction of reality is useful in the research where the institutional discourse is viewed as a product of social action, and where the social aspect of knowledge-making and communication thereof obtains the dominant significance. Pragmatics has provided the discourse analysis with such tools as the speech act theory (that is successfully applied to analyzing various business and institutional discourses) and the cooperative principles of language usage in institutional settings (Bargiella-Chiappini, 2009, pp. 194-256). The Applied Example of Professional Discourse in Financial Institutions As it comes from the previous section, the development of institutional genres is an inevitable element of communication and language application within the institutional settings. The institutional discourse highly specific, helping in collective knowledge-building and distributive cognition of the institution’s members who are communicative participants. There are many distinguishing characteristics that institutional genres possess; as noted by Darville (2009), they are not about the people’s experience , but they explain and regulate it, being posed outside the framework of the human participation of the genre formation. The author states that the institutional genres are sometimes impenetrable for the novice reader because of the ‘implied reader’ concept embedded in them, that is, they assume particular background knowledge for ensuring their understanding (Darville, 2009, p. 16). The power constituted in institutional genres is enormous because of their authoritative power to provide versions of how things are and must be done (Darville, 2009, p. 17). This is the main reason for the complexity in navigation, and it adds to understanding of how they are constructed, in particular for which purpose and by what means. The example investigated in the present work is the formation of narratives and written knowledge in the financial institutions, particularly in the Central Bank of Canada; it will reveal both the complexity of financial institutional discourse and the pr ocesses engaged in its formation, communication, interpretation and utilization for further finance-related decision-making.  Narrative construction and development. The financial institutions’ discourse is a field of study for several reasons; first of all, it gives many useful findings to understand the communicative patterns and peculiarities evident within this particular kind of an institution; secondly, it provides the insight into the way the discursive genres and their products affect the processes of decision-making regarding the financial issues, the monetary policy in Canada in the described case. As Smart (1999, p. 249) notes, the narrative theory offers a constructive lens for exploring the epistemic function of the professional discourse. The focus of attention on discursive narratives derives from the assumption that the construction thereof is a collaborative process of knowledge-making within the particular financial institution. To be more precise, the fin ancial institutional discourse is a communally constructed representation of knowledge about economic developments in Canada pertaining to any moment of time (past, present or future) (Smart, 1999, p. 250). The financial discursive genres give the bright idea of the patterns utilized in the structured social interaction within the financial institution, and act as means for deployment of differentiated expertise, for the synthesis of economic analysis types (e.g., the monetary policy story), and contribute to the understanding of the inter-subjectivity that is required for ensuring the fruitful intellectual collaboration (Smart, 1999, p. 253). Freedman and Smart (1997, p. 240) identify the primary role of discursive genres as tools for cognitive work and distribution, deriving from the concept of distributed cognition involved in the process of conducting the monetary policy. For this reason, the researcher attributes a key role to the discursive genres as sites for communal constru ction and change. Thinking and knowledge-production, in his opinion, are instances of social action, so the distributed cognition concept occupies its important place within the institutional discourse analysis as well (Freedman Smart, 1997, p. 239). The latter concept identifies the extent to which coordination is accomplished through textual and discursive means. The main principle of distributed cognition inclusion in the discursive analysis is that it assumes the proper unit of analysis should be the joint, socially mediated activity in the cultural context (Freedman Smart, 1997, p. 240). Consequently, the communicative processes and knowledge-making as a social activity are conducted by means of sharing the distributed cognition elements, which are the institutionally accepted patterns for analysis, interpretation, expertise, etc. Genres of the financial institutional discourse. One of the essential discursive genres found in financial institutions that has already undergone a profound theoretical investigation is the monetary policy story (Smart, 1999, p. 254). The researcher states that the genre reflects the complex structure of economic knowledge, serves to organize, consolidate, and give textual (linguistic) expressions to the professional expert knowledge of large numbers of people, financial employees (Smart, 1999, p. 249). It is used to align the economists’ analytical activities relating to the financial data they get from internal and external sources every day, with the bank policy directed at increasing the well-being of economy, or any other specifically stipulated objective. The ultimate goal of utilizing the monetary policy genre is to produce specialized financial knowledge that may be further on applied to construct the national monetary policy in the most optimal way with the proper regard of conclusions made from the financial data analysis (Smart, 1999, p. 252). The example of how this specific genre of the monetary policy sto ry is enacted for communicating the monetary policy-related knowledge within a single financial institution was provided by Smart (1999, p. 255) in his study of the Central Bank of Canada and the way decisions are made there. The comprehensive study helped the researcher identify the processes of knowledge-making by all participants of the communicative process. He found out that the distributed cognition framework lay within the set of institutionally, collectively established and shared frameworks used to interpret the economic data. Some instances include the ‘current analysis’ and the Quarterly Projection Model – tools for the ongoing analysis of financial data. With the help of these models, the bank analysts accomplished the tasks of analyzing and interpreting the incoming financial data, with the further construction of the monetary policy story passed on to the executive board of the Central Bank to make decisions on the course of actions in terms of the monetary policy (Smart, 1999, p. 256). In the process of research directed to the monetary policy story formation, Smart (1999) identified three stages of the genre’s evolution within the institution. The first one is the cluster or sector stories – they are segmented and non-unified, emerging in different departments of the Bank and having only fragmental knowledge on the financial data. The second stage is undergone by means of utilizing the Projection Exercise, and the result is the document called the ‘white book’. The final stage involves using data from the ‘white book’ as well as other sources by the executive board to produce the ultimate set of conclusions and to make it a starting point in their monetary-policy decisions (Smart, 1999, p. 257). Thus, the evolution of the financial information taking place within the institutional framework involves the interpretation of financial data by junior-level analysts, with the further sorting out and filtration of interpretations at each successive level of management, with the final presentation of thoroughly selected interpretations at the highest level, to the executive board. There is a set of other financial discursive genres identified by Smart in the process of his research in the Canadian financial settings. He generalizes the term of ‘story’ introduced for the financial discursive narrative as pertaining to all interpretations provided by analysts for figures and statistics (Freedman Smart, 1997, p. 242). As soon as these ‘stories’ are re-analyzed and presented in a modified way to the executive board or shareholders, they acquire the name of ‘briefings’ (Freedman Smart, 1997, p. 243). One more distinguished type of the financial narrative is the ‘bank speech’ – it refers to the presentation of the financial information with a high level of generality and less reliance on the technical aspects of the analyzed data. No mathematical language is usually used in a ‘bank speech’, and it actually represents a combination of prose with tables and charts, prose prevailing (Freedman Smart, 1997, p. 247). Some written genres identified by Smart (1998) are the ‘analytic notes’ and ‘research memoranda’. Knowledge-making processes in the financial community. The study undertaken by Smart in 1998 with the application of interpretative ethnography as the main methodology gave a much deeper insight into what the processes and underlying preconditions for the economic discursive knowledge-making are. The researcher assumed that the complete understanding of the knowledge-making process in the economic discourse can be acquired only in case of understanding the economists’ conceptual constructs (Smart, 1998, p. 115). Hence, he conducted a series of interviews to identify the inter-subjectivity sectors and shared concepts essential for intellectual co llaboration in the economic field. The findings of Smart (1998) include the conclusion that economists employ a distinctive discourse representing a combination of language, statistics, and mathematics to create knowledge about the Canadian economy, the functioning of a particular financial institution, making real-time and projective assessments of economic data, etc. (Smart, 1998). Also, Smart (1998) identified two essential issues in the knowledge-making process undertaken within the economic discourse. The first one is the inter-subjective reality that all economists share and that forms their conceptual world utilized by them to explain the events in the economy, to make projections for future, and to identify sectors of conceptual economy through shared understanding of the unified conceptual framework. Secondly, the intricate relationships of the spoken and written language with the Canadian mathematical model called QPM deserve separate attention. According to Smart (1998, p . 117), the distinguishing trait of the economic discourse is the way economists provide linguistic explanations to the mathematical tendencies through particular social interaction and the specific style of collective thinking. Conclusion As one can see from the present review, institutional genres are a highly specific form of the linguistic discourse reflection in everyday professional activity of every institution. The role of possessing and sharing the distributed cognition contributes to the joint understanding of the shared conceptual framework governing the work of all institution’s employees. Understanding the basics of the professional conceptual world highly specific for any institution, as well as ways of its utilization to produce the shared knowledge, to interpret data and to link mathematical information with the linguistic interpretations on the basis of those institutional concepts (as in the case of financial institutions discussed in the present paper) are becoming the issues of active interest for discursive linguists. References Bargiella-Chiappini, F. (2009). The Handbook of Business Discourse. Edinburgh (UK): Edinburgh University Press. Darville, R. (2009). Literacy as practices, teaching as alignment: A message in a bottle. Literacies, no. 10, pp. 14-18. Fox, R.. Fox, J. (2004). Organizational discourse: a language-ideology-power perspective. Westport, Conn: Praeger. Freedman, A., Smart, G. (1997).Navigating the Current of Economic Policy: Written Genres and the Distribution of Cognitive Work at a Financial Institution. Mind, Culture, and Activity. No. 44, pp. 238-255. Mayr, A. (2008). Language and power- an introduction to institutional discourse. London and New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. Smart, G. (1998). Mapping conceptual worlds: using interpretive ethnography to explore knowledge-making in a professional community. Journal of business communication, Vol.35 (1), 111-127. Smart, G. (1999). Storytelling in a Central Bank: The Role of Narrative in the Creation and Use of Specialized Economic Knowledge. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 249-273. This research paper on Organizational Discourse of Social Activities was written and submitted by user Bridget Warren to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Mark Generation Essays

Mark Generation Essays Mark Generation Essay Mark Generation Essay The Generation of New Ideas In most cases, companies consider the opinions, wants and needs of their target consumers in order to generate new ideas and concepts. In fact, companies may simply ask themselves What do customers want now and in the near future? Sampson (1974), studied the effectiveness of consumers in generating ideas, concluding that they can produce productive concepts and their influence is essentially passive (Cannon 1978, p. 229). Despite this, Sampson goes on to state that u to the rapidly growing markets, it is nearly impossible to satisfy all members of a consumer group. Amongst a range of generation idea methods, one external technique is the use of focus group methods which consists of an assembled group of consumers who have no knowledge about a particular type of product. An analyst records the two hour long discussion and identifies what has and has not been conversed (Hippie 1986, p. 793). This method of customer feedback, crucially relies on the analysts ability to accurately infer useful information which may then translate into a new product concept. Specifically, Subscribe offers customers the opportunity to leave suggestions or compliments about their products in which the business takes very seriously and then utilizes the information to generate product ideas. The manipulation of lead edge users is yet, another course of action business can adopt in order to produce original ideas. Lead edge users are users of a product whose current needs will become common in the near future (Hippie 1986, p. 791). They are significant as they act as a forecast for marketing research providing valuable information about consumers impressions and partiality of a product. Von Hippie (1986) introduced the external four-step Lead User Method in 1986, to help companies develop breakthrough products. The steps consist of, Identifying an Important Trend: to identify lead users in different product categories of interest and to identify the trend that these users have a leading position, Identifying Lead Users: once trends are discovered with new product opportunities, companies then can egging the search for lead users, Analyzing Lead User Data: Data received from lead users will then be utilized in market research analyses, and Projecting Lead User Data onto the General Market of Interest: after data has been finalized, it would be projected onto a predicted market (Kaolin, 2010). Although Internal idea sources include Research and Development, Subscribe mainly uses external sources such as consumer evaluation through the use of the feedback option which can be found on every page of the Subscribe website. This allows consumers to leave a compliment, advise of any technical issues, and suggest potential product ideas. Since the introduction of the feedback option, consumers nave expressed Innovative Ideas wanly nave Eden Tallow tongue Ana Is evident through the Subscribe Wonder]sock. Its design of underwear separates and lifts Protruding everything out in front Providing maximum comfort (Tracey 2006) thus demonstrating the power of consumers and their feedback which can translate into successfully generated product ideas and consequently, profitable manufactured products.

Good and Well - Commonly Confused Words

Good and Well - Commonly Confused Words The common modifiers good and well are easily (and frequently) confused. Definitions Good is usually an adjective (a good book, a good job). Good can also function as a noun (the common good). Well is usually an adverb (runs well, a well-written essay). In formal speech and writing, the adjective good generally follows linking verbs such as be, seem, taste, and appear. See the usage notes below.The redundant expression (all) well and good means acceptable. Its often used before a statement that qualifies or contradicts whatever it is thats considered all well and good. Examples There was never a good war or a bad peace. (Benjamin Franklin)Experiment with recipes until you find what tastes good to you.The student officers displayed a remarkably good knowledge of the drill regulations.Coffee thrives remarkably well in Fiji.The students were asked to compose a well-organized essay in 30 minutes.On the cover, a well-adjusted-looking boy, hair stiff with hairspray, overalls starched, sat in a chair and puzzled over a Rubiks Cube.  He wore sensible shoes and an expression that said: This is  all well and good, but my real passion is long division.(David James Poissant, Refund.  The Heaven of Animals, 2014) Usage Notes Good/wellOf the two phrases I  feel good and I feel well, the first is the correct one if youre speaking of your state of health (physical or mental). Feel here is a linking verb and is followed by a predicate adjective. So if you mean that your health is good, your spirits are high, and your outlook is optimistic, say I feel good.On the other hand, if you use feel in its literal sense of touching something, like feeling for a light switch in the dark, say, I feel well.(William and Mary Morris, Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usage. Harper Row, 1975)Today virtually everybody agrees that both good and well after feel and look are predicate adjectives. The years of disagreement over which was correct seem to have contributed to some differentiation. Look well and feel well tend to express good health. Feel good can express good health or it can suggest good spirits in addition to good health. Look good does not generally refer to health, it relates to some aspect of appearance.(Me rriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage, 1994) Practice (a) A logical fallacy is a bad argument that looks _____.(b) The plants were all fairly large, with _____-developed leaves.(c) After a long week in the office, a day on the ocean sounded _____.(d) The chorus sang _____, with enthusiasm and expression. Answers to Practice Exercise (a) A logical fallacy is a bad argument that looks  good.(b) The plants were all fairly large, with  well-developed leaves.(c) After a long week in the office, a day on the ocean sounded  good.(d) The chorus sang  well, with enthusiasm and expression.

Star Formation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Star Formation - Essay Example Some of the widely known astronomical substances that represent mainly the basic building blocks of most galaxies are stars. This therefore means that the composition, age and distribution of stars in a galaxy usually suggest the dynamics, evolution and history of that particular galaxy. Furthermore stars are mostly responsible for the manufacturing and dispensing of heavy elements for instance oxygen, carbon and nitrogen and therefore their distinctiveness is closely tied to the uniqueness of the planetary systems that may possibly unite around them. As a result the study of the origin, life and ultimately death of stars is key to the astronomical field (Whitworth, Thompson, 2012). Stars usually are formed within comparatively dense concentrations of interstellar dust and gas referred to as molecular clouds. These areas are mostly very cold and temperatures may fall to around 10 to 20K, just over absolute zero. Gases under these temperatures become molecular which means that there is binding together of atoms. Within the interstellar gas clouds are mostly Hydrogen and carbon monoxide molecules .These low temperatures result in extremely cold conditions causing the gases to clump together to high densities. It is when the density attains a specific point when stars are formed. The regions are mostly dense and consequently opaque to any visible light and are referred to by the name dark nebula. They also do not shine by light that is optical which means that they are observed and investigated by use of IR as well as radio telescopes (Whitworth, Thompson, 2012). Formation of stars starts when the denser regions of the cloud’s core collapse due to their own gravity or weight. The cloud’s core usually has got masses to the tune of 104 solar masses and is mostly in the structure of dust and gas. Being of higher density than the outside clouds,

Learning log and application activities Assignment

Learning log and application activities - Assignment Example Therefore, as other children spoke with their parents it was as if they were back biting me since I was not able to understand what they were talking about. When I went to school, I realized that both teachers and students spoke different languages but the official language of communication in school was English. In most cases teachers could make a lot of corrections on students for instance if we pronounced â€Å"angry† instead of â€Å"hungry†. Personal Plan for Language Development Year Objective Activity Resources Jan –May 2013 To obtain language proficiency in English Attending English classes in order to be proficient in the language. Practicing speaking English all the time as well as encouraging those whom you are talking with to speak so as to perfect the art of speaking. It can also be done by reading novelty story books which are rich in English content. Listening to English programs also helps in improving the proficiency of the language. Tuition and exam fees required to facilitate class attendance. Allocating time to practicing on how to speak English. Money to purchase story books and other learning materials. June- August 2013 To gain experience on English language Attending attachment to English speaking organizations. Lecturing in learning institutions that teach English. Attending organized workshops and seminars that encourage English speaking. Participating in public speaking competitions. Writing of poems, songs and plays in English language. Money to facilitate transportation to various institutions. Letters to various institutions for permission to lecture. Literature books to enhance knowledge of public speaking and language development. September- December 2013 To wind up English course. To perfect the art of speaking English language Self evaluation on the extent of how English language has been mastered and practiced by doing various examinations. Getting recommendations from various stakeholders. Revising on the things learned both in and out of class Time taken to evaluate oneself. Money used travel to various institutions in searching for recommendations. Part B Formal letter Managing Director, Logistaid Company, P.o Box 2535-0009, Slovakia. 15 December, 2012. The Human Resource Manager, English Learning Resource Centre, P.o Box 27787-00065, Logos. Dear sir/Madam, Re: Appreciation I would like to thank you for attending our gala dinner, that was organized in aid of raising money, to enhance our educational programs and we appreciate your contribution for the same. We were able to raise $ 100, 000 which we saw as a success. Our organization is also pleased to inform you that you have been chosen to promote the new Logistaid program, which is aimed at promoting education especially to foreign students. In line with this, we have organized for workshops and seminars to enhance our scheduled activities which will be due in two weeks time. You are therefore invited for the preparation which w ill take place on 20th December 2012 at offices from 2.00 p.m. Your presence and participation is highly appreciated. Thanks in advance. Yours faithfully, Press officer For Managing Director UNIT 2 PART A Training Plan Training requirements To gather the right skills and competencies Training schedule To train after every three months to refresh the knowledge Training materials It includes seminars, workbooks, presentations, user manuals, use of computer

Endothelial tight junction proteins Essay Example for Free

Endothelial tight junction proteins Essay Endothelial tight junction proteins Introduction            The endothelium is situated at the inner side of all kinds of vessels and comprises of a monolayer of endothelial cells. Inter-endothelial junctions comprise junctional complexes, such as adherens junctions (AJ), tight junctions (TJ) and gap junctions (GJ) that play essential roles in tissue integrity, barrier function and intercellular communication respectively. These junctional complexes are related to those found at epithelial junctions with notable changes in terms of certain molecules and structure.            Endothelial junctional proteins play important roles in tissue integrity but also in vascular permeability, leukocyte extravasation and angiogenesis. Dormant endothelium may be exposed to stimuli provoking leukocyte extravasation at seditious sites and propagating angiogenesis. Both activities have an intense impact on endothelial cell-cell junctions.            Tight junctions aid the major functional objective of establishing a barrier inside the membrane, by controlling paracellular permeability and sustaining cell polarity. They achieve this by constricting apical or basolateral transmembrane diffusion of lipids and they have been suggested to contribute in regulating proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells. However, the components that are involved and the signal routes concerned are unknown (Mitic Anderson 1998).            Tight junctions are made up of integral membrane proteins claudins, occludin, tricellulin, junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), including many peripheral membrane proteins such as the scaffold PDZ- domain proteins. This review will however, focus on ZO-1 and ZONAB. Histology of endothelia junctions            The junctional structures situated at the endothelial intercellular fissure are related to those located at the epithelium; however, their formation is more inconsistent and in most vascular beds their topology is less constrained than in epithelial cells. Adherens junctions, tight junctions and gap junctions are in most cases intermingled and create a complex zonular system with disparities in depth and thickness of the sub-membrane plate associated with the junctional structure (Franke et al. 1988; Rhodin 1974). In contrast to epithelial cells, GJs are often found close to the luminal surface. Hence, the term â€Å"Apical junction† used to jointly describe epithelial TJ and AJ may not be applied to the endothelium. The endothelium forms the vascular barrier with controlled permeability properties between the blood and the underlying tissues.            Tight junctions exhibit considerable inconsistency among different segments of the vascular tree (Franke et al. 1988). This disparity composes a major evidence of vascular bed differentiation of endothelial cells and has a strong impact on vascular permeability and leukocyte extravasation. Variations concern the complexity degree of the occluding strands as well as tight junction composition.            Large Artery endothelial cells, which are exposed to high flow rates, display a well-developed system of tight junctions. Within the microvasculature, tight junctions are less complex in capillaries than in arterioles, and even less in venules. It is important to mention that, post-capillary venules are the primary site of leukocyte extravasation, and accordingly, they display a high content of permeability mediator receptors, such as those for histamine, serotonin and bradykinin. On the other hand, blood brain barrier (BBB) and the blood retinal barrier (BRB) are predominantly rich in Tight Junctions and endothelial tight junctions have been principally studied in these sites.            Endothelial intercellular realms differ from those of epithelial cells by the absence of desmosomes (Franke et al. 1988). The transitional filaments, comprised in the endothelium by vimentin molecules, are poorly connected to cell-cell contacts. However, contrary to the situation in epithelia, the vimentin filaments may be associated to endothelial adherens junctions in junctional structures similar to desmosomes, called complexus adherens.            It must be emphasized that interendothelial junctions are vibrant structures, subjected to multiple regulations. Moreover, leukocytes extravasate majorly in postcapillary venules either through transcellular or paracellular methods. Extravasation via the intercellular junction is a rapid and controlled process, through which the leukocyte is squeezed in the fissure (diapedesis), followed by rapid junction reformation.            ZO-1 is a protein located on the cytoplasmic membrane plate of intercellular tight junctions and is engaged in transducing signals at cell-to-cell junctions. ZO-1 links tight junction transmembrane proteins to a cytoplasmic plaque and the actin-based cytoskeleton (Aijaz et al. 2006; Tsukita et al. 2001). In epithelial cells, ZO-1 interrelates with the transcription factor ZONAB to regulate cells proliferation in a cell density related manner (Balda Matter 2000); however, the functions of ZO-1 and ZONAB in endothelial cells are still not clearly understood.            Unpublished work shows that downregulation of ZO-1 in endothelial cells stimulates redistribution of two transmembrane proteins; claudin-5 and JAM-A, and radical changes in the cytoskeleton affecting the localization of mechanosensor proteins and VE-cadherin role in the control of cell-cell tension.            These observations imply that one function of ZO-1 in endothelial cells is to coordinate components of the tight junction and associate them to the cortical cytoskeleton. However, it is unfamiliar whether the ZO-1 associated transcription factor ZONAB is linked to such ZO-1 effects.            Despite the fact that, ZO-1 explicitly associates with epithelial tight junctions (Stevenson et al. 1986), it has been observed that the protein appears in the nucleus in the process of proliferation (Gottardi et al. 1996). While the functional impact of the nuclear localization is currently not clear, studies reveal that these discrete subcellular distributions of ZO-1 are exquisitely sensitive to the state of cell-to-cell contact.            ZO-1 plays a major role of restraining ZONAB and regulates its accumulation in the nucleus through cytoplasmic sequestration. MDCK cells found in the epithelium exhibit two forms of this Y-box transcription factor (ZONAB) i.e. ZONAB -A and ZONAB -B which vary in a 68-amino acid supplement. Both categories of ZONAB bind to ZO-1 and link with intercellular junctions (Balda Matter 2000).            ZONAB was initially designated in canine kidney epithelial cells (MDCK) and is a Y-box transcription factor. Y-box transcription factors are multipurpose control mechanisms of gene expression and studies suggest that they play a common role in enhancing proliferation (Bargou et al. 1997). ZONAB is one of the tight junction-associated dual localization protein: it localizes to junctions where it attaches to the SH3 surface of the adaptor protein ZO-1, and to the nucleus where it regulates transcription.            The distribution of ZONAB is controlled by the cell density as it localizes to both junctions and nuclei in low density, proliferating cells, and becomes constrained to the cytoplasm in high density cells (Balda Matter, 2000). This distribution is also exhibited in its transcription activity, as ZONAB is transcriptionally vigorous in proliferating cells but inactive in non-proliferating cells. In the MDCK cells, ZONAB is necessary for normal rates of proliferation and controls G1/S phase transition (Balda et al. 2003).            ZONAB affects cell cycle development by two distinct processes: it controls the nuclear accumulation of CDK4 through a direct interaction and controls manifestation of genes encoding cell cycle regulators for example, PCNA and cyclin D1 (Balda et al. 2003; Sourisseau et al. 2006 ).            In 3D principles of MDCK cells, regular ZO-1 and ZONAB processes are necessary for epithelial cyst formation, implying that the Y-box transcription factor also controls epithelial differentiation (Sourisseau et al. 2006). Since ZO-1 and ZONAB can also relate with other types of intercellular junctions, for instance the gap junctions, in cells that lack tight junctions, it is possible that ZO-1 or ZONAB signaling is also of useful significance in other cell types other than epithelia (Ciolofan et al. 2006; Giepmans Moolenaar 1998). Aims of the study            The aim of the study is to understand the functional consequences of downregulation of ZONAB in endothelial cells, and whether and how ZONAB cross-talks with other junctional components to regulate endothelial cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis. Currently, we are looking at similarities and differences between the phenotype of downregulation of ZO-1 or ZONAB by RNA interference. Changes in expression and localization of a given protein are analysed using specific antibodies for immunoblots and immunofluorescence. Preliminary Results            It is observed that downregulation of ZO-1 or ZONAB resulted in similar redistribution of actin and vinculin from cell-cell junctions to stress fibers and focal adhesions, respectively. However, the localization of transmembrane proteins such as Claudin-5 and JAM-A is affected by downregulation of ZO-1 rather than by downregulation of ZONAB. The localization of the polarity protein PAR-3 is changed in both conditions.            Additionally, downregulation of ZONAB causes changes in ZO-1 by immunofluorescence that needs to be tested for expression by immunoblots. Next, we will characterize other transmembrane proteins (e.g. MD3 and claudin-1), polarity proteins (PKCzeta), Rho regulators and mechanotransducers such as PAK2, Zyxin and YAP.            ZONAB is a DNA and RNA binding factor that it is involved in transcription (e.g. cyclin D1 and PCNA) in the nucleus and translation (e.g. cell cycle inhibitor p21) in the cytosol. Thus, we are also trying to identify new genes regulated. We have identified that expression of fibronectin is regulated by ZONAB. We are evaluating whether the changes in protein expression of fibronectin are due to ZONAB role on transcription or translation, using actinomicin D to inhibit transcription or cyclohexidimide to inhibit translation. Additionally, we are validating new genes identified by cDNA array analysis of endothelial cells with downregulation of ZONAB.            The tight junction localizing protein ZO-1 symptomatically forms a continuous band around the apices of well-differentiated, confluent, polarized epithelial cells in culture. However, under nonconfluent conditions, endogenous ZO-1 can localize to the nucleus in addition to the border of cell-cell contact.            ZONAB manifestation tends to be high in proliferating but low in growth-impeded MDCK cells, implying that high manifestation levels might be a necessity for cell proliferation (Balda Matter 2000).            ZONAB confines in the nucleus as well as tight junctions in proliferating cells, however, it is not noticeable in the nucleus of nonproliferating high density cells (Balda Matter 2000), proposing that accumulation of ZONAB in the nucleus might be necessary for efficient proliferation.            ZO-1 quantities are low in proliferating cells and they rise with cell density, and overexpression of ZO-1 hinders accumulation of ZONAB in the nucleus (Balda Matter 2000); hence, ZO-1 may control proliferation by inhibiting ZONAB from accumulating in the nucleus. Overexpression of ZO-1 in low density cells triggers a redistribution of ZONAB from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and reduced proliferation.            CDK4 is a major regulator of G1/s transition (Sherr 2000; Malumbres Barbacid 2001). Thus, ZONAB could control proliferation by regulating the process or the localization of CDK4. Since ZONAB binds CDK4, the nuclear pools of the two proteins may diminish in a parallel manner.            Symplekin is combined with ZONAB in the nucleus; hence, it could be argued that Symplekin modulates the transcription activity of ZONAB. Increased expression of Symplekin results in stimulation of the transcriptional suppressor ZONAB. However, it is also noted that Symplekin is absent in endothelial cells (Keon et al. 1996).            ZONAB controls cell cycle entry. ZO-1 overexpression results in a reduction in DNA synthesis, implying that entry into S-phase was distressed.            These experiments will allow understanding the role of ZO-1 and ZONAB in endothelial cells. Depending on the results, we plan to test how these two proteins are involved in endothelial stress conditions such as shear stress and high glucose. Conclusion            The collaboration of ZO-1 with tight junctions can only be significant for the stabilization of ZO-1, as opposed to attaching ZO-1 to the plasma membrane so as to constrain nuclear accumulation of related proteins. This is supported by the opinion that a truncated protein comprising only the HA-tagged SH3 domain accumulated in the Cytosol, but was adequate to decrease proliferation and nuclear accumulation of ZONAB (unpublished data).            ZONAB and ZO-1 control proliferation and the ultimate cell density of MDCK cells. Explanations that ZO-1 accumulates with increasing cell density, and overexpression of ZO-1 in transfected cells lowers the final density proposes a pattern in which ZO-1 serves as a measure for cell density whereby, on reaching the threshold level, provokes growth impediment by cytoplasmic sequestration of ZONAB and the related cell cycle kinase CDK4. It will be essential to control how the ZO-1 or ZONAB pathway associates with the other signaling methods that affect proliferation.            Vascular endothelial stress induces dysfunctions that have been implicated in many diseases such as diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, characterization of the role of tight junction molecules in different endothelial cell behavior and functions will help us to understand the molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and these findings may be implicated in prognosis and possibly to develop new treatment strategies. References Balda, MS and Matter, K 2000. The tight junction protein ZO-1 and an interacting transcription factor regulate ErbB-2 expression. EMBO J. 19, pp 2024-2033. Balda MS, Garrett MD and Matter K, 2003. The ZO-1 associated Y-box factor ZONAB regulates epithelial cell proliferation and cell density. J. Cell Biol. 160, pp 423-432. Bargou RC, K Jurchott, C Wagener, S Bergmann, S metzner, K Bommert, MY Mapara, KJ Winzer. M Dietel, B Dorken, and HD Royer, 1997. Nuclear localization and increased levels of transcription factor YB-1 in primary human breast cancers are associated with intrinsic MDR1 gene expression. Nat. Med. 3: pp 447-450. Ciolofan C, Li XB, Olson C, Kamasawa N, Gebhardt BR, Yasumura T, Morita M, Rash JE and Nagy JI, 2006. Association of connexin36 and Zonula occludens-1 with zonula occludens-2 and the transcription factor zonula occludens-1 associated nucleic acid-binding protein at neuronal gap junctions in rodent retina. Neuroscience 140: pp 433-451. Franke WW, P Cowin, C Grund, C Kuhn, HP Kapprell, 1998, The Endothelial Junction: the plaque and its component., in: N. Simionescu, M Simionescu (Eds.), Endothelial cell biology in health and diseases, Plenum publishing corporation, New York. pp 147-166. Giepmans BN and Moolenaar WH, 1998. The gap junction protein connexin43 interacts with the second PDZ domain of the zonal occludens-1 protein. Curr. Biol. 8. Pp 931-934. Gottardi CJ, M Arpin, AS Fanning and D Louvard, 1996. The junction-associated protein, zonular occludens-1, localizes to the nucleus before the maturation and during the remodeling of cell-cell contacts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93: pp 10779-10784. Keon BH, S Schafer, C Kuhn, C Grund, WW Franke, Symplekin, a novel type of tight junction plaque protein, J Cell Biol. 134 (1996) 1003-1018.Malumbres M and M Barbacid, 2001. To cycle or not to cycle: a critical decision in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 1: pp 222-231. Mitic LL and JM Anderson, 1998. Molecular architecture of tight junctions. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60: pp 121-142. Rhodin, JAG 1974, Histology, Oxford University Press, New York. Sherr, CJ 2000. The Pezcoller lecture: cancer cell cycles revisited. Cancer res. 60: pp 3689-3695. Sourisseau T, Georgiadis A, Tsapara A, Ali RR, Pestell RG, Matter K and Balda MS, 2006. Regulation of PCNA and cyclin D1 expression and epithelial morphogenesis by the ZO-1 regulated transcription factor ZONAB/DbpA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, pp 2387-2398.Stevenson, BR, JD Siliciano, MS Mooseker, and DA Goodenough, 1986. Identification of ZO-1: a high molecular weight polypeptide associated with the tight junction (zonula occludens) in a variety of epithelia. J. Cell Biol. 103: pp 755-766. Source document

Internet Copyright Laws Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Internet Copyright Laws A student comes home to his dorm at the University of Scranton after a rough day of classes. With the quick internet connection provided on the school’s network, the student makes a few clicks and logs into Morpheus, a program that enables music fans to download free music. Within a few minutes he is on his way to owning an unlimited amount of songs at no cost. Everything this student is doing is legal, right? Wrong. The downloaded music from the internet is copyrighted material. Today’s internet is considered an â€Å"information superhighway,† a device where anything from music, books, programs and information can be shared worldwide. Since billions of people have the ability to access the internet, the content of the internet can be difficult to regulate. One controversy which has risen because people can transmit and share information broadly via the internet is that of copyright infringement. Arguments over the rights to property on the internet have been heated. For example, Napster (similar to Morpheus) was sued for providing software that enabled internet users to download music at no cost. Since the internet is a device that is used worldwide, copyright laws should exist to protect people who own copyrights so their civil liberties are not infringed upon. Because the internet is sometimes considered unregulated, users often assume that the law does not apply to its use. Widespread misuse of people’s intellectual property via the internet occurs because of this belief, though anyone can access the internet. Since the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   number of people who have the ability to access the internet is so high, laws that are made to protect people’s publications in other media should also apply to protect them on the internet. Copyrights that protect products can sometimes be confusing to understand. The simplest way to identify copyright infringement is to question if the copyright is handed over with the product. For example, if a person owns a compact disc and lets a friend borrow it, the compact disc i... ...material is under copyright laws. However, while in court, it was thought the publications could be of public domain. The courts decided that the information was not an infringement and returned the confiscated property to Wollershiem and Penny. Copyright laws exist to protect the ownership of material. Where the material is located should not void the copyright. If copying property is for personal use, than a problem should not exist. If a person starts to make money or distribute the copied material, then a problem with copyright laws will arise. In this case, the provider of the material will be at fault. With the arrival of the electronic age, the internet will be another place where copyright laws are needed, and must be enforced; The internet cannot be free and unregulated. Whether it is a tape in a stereo, or a religious hoax on the internet, copyright laws must exist and be upheld to protect individuals from infringement of their property rights. Bibliography: Knowledge and Identity in the Electronic Age. Richard Fearer; McGraw-Hill, 1998. 124 131. Who owns digital works. Scientific American Publication. Ann Okerson; October 13, 2002. 37-41.

Personal Philosophy Project An Idealist in a Career

Goodness Is an Ideal state, something to be striver for. Idealism would favor schools teaching subjects of the mind, such as Is found In most public school classrooms. Teachers, for the Idealist, would be models of Ideal behavior. For Idealists, the schools' function Is to sharpen Intellectual processes, to present the wisdom of the ages, and to present models of behavior that are exemplary. Students In such schools would have a somewhat passive role, receiving and memorizing the reporting of the teacher.Change In the school program would generally be considered an Intrusion on the orderly process of educating (http://guardhouses. Roll. Deed/leaders/philosophies. HTML). There are as many characteristics of an Idealist as there are websites to quote from, so I thought It best to outline my philosophy with direct responses to the ten categories. Please see the attached matrix as I outline my CITE classroom. In short, I find myself supporting traditions while developing new approaches t o promote the learning process.Consistently providing an environment of academics, media, technology to best repaper my students for the workplace of tomorrow. Personal Philosophy Project An Idealist in a Career and Technical World By masher to the philosophy of Idealism. Idealism is a philosophy that espouses the refined wisdom of men and women. Reality is seen as a world within a person's mind. Truth is to be found in the consistency of ideas. Goodness is an ideal state, something to be striver for. Idealism would favor schools teaching subjects of the mind, such as is found in most public school classrooms.Teachers, for the idealist, would be models of ideal behavior. For idealists, the schools' function is to sharpen intellectual are exemplary. Students in such schools would have a somewhat passive role, receiving and memorizing the reporting of the teacher. Change in the school program would generally be considered an intrusion on the orderly process of educating (http://guardh ouses. ROI. Deed/leaders/philosophies. HTML). There are as many characteristics of an idealist as there are websites to quote from, so I thought it best

The History Of The Food Choice Negotiations Education Essay

To offer a representation of the organic nutrient pick procedure based on the findings of this survey, a conceptual theoretical account was drawn up ( Figure 1 ) . The theoretical account consists of 4 cardinal concepts ( personal properties, personal context, nutrient values and external influences ) that contribute to the factors involved in nutrient pick dialogues. Food brushs vary harmonizing to single experiences. These experiences are enriched as life style, age and personal demands alteration over clip. Based on experiences shared by participants on their nutrient pick behavior, the alteration in nutrient picks based on age and careful considerations due to income capacity was noted in nutrient pick considerations. Though minimum mentions associating gender types to organic nutrient pick were highlighted, the function that adult females played as cardinal nutrient pick shapers showed its impact on organic nutrient pick. In this survey, the undermentioned facets of personal context peculiarly the individuality assumed by participants was noted to act upon organic nutrient picks made. To exemplify the procedures involved in organic nutrient pick, factors of influence identified were evaluated for similar effects based on its properties and the nature of its impact. Common factors were categorised into subjects and labelled consequently. Based on the combined findings obtained from the impact of factors of influence, nutrient pick dialogue spiels and organic nutrient perceptual experiences and attitudes, a representation of the organic nutrient pick procedure was developed. A theoretical account picturing the flow of organic nutrient pick was proposed and used to depict the procedure of organic nutrient pick happening among Singaporeans. Choices made sing organic nutrients, like other nutrient types are based on attitudes and perceptual experiences held towards it. These form ideas about organic nutrient that guide involvement degrees and purchase purpose. When sing organic nutrient picks, several factors of influence are known to be involved in the dialogue procedure. These factors are deliberated at changing degrees depending on its associated grade of significance. In placing the factors of influence involved in organic nutrient pick, themes extracted from participants ‘ conversations were evaluated for common togss and categorised for a better representation of its influence. The following are the thematic groups categorised based on the assorted factors of influence. An analysis of motives for and against organic nutrient pick was conducted through interviews with participants. The interviews offered a deeper apprehension of organic nutrient perceptual experiences as participants shared in item the assorted considerations and value fond regards involved in organic nutrient determination devising. The significance of values is evident as participants often focused on selected grounds for involvement or deficiency of involvement in organic nutrients. Value dialogues emerge in the conversations as participants attempt to warrant their sentiments and judgements on organic nutrient within the local context. This uncovers cardinal values involved in organic nutrient pick considerations and provides the footing for farther probe. Value dialogues were observed in many participants ‘ nutrient pick considerations. The demand to run into demands, fulfill demands and satisfy penchants guided value considerations. Valuess were re-evaluated for prioritisation to simplify determinations. Lowered outlooks held for certain values were besides noted in accomplishing desired results in concluding determinations. In the procedure of nutrient dialogue, several schemes were adopted by participants in their efforts to decide value struggles happening during organic nutrient pick considerations. These schemes involved equilibrating Acts of the Apostless such as irregular purchase or purchase of limited assortments of organic nutrients and prioritisation of values harmonizing to state of affairss. Based on this survey, similar values in struggle were observed among several participants in changing state of affairss. Common values such as affordability, wellness, nutrient safety and convenience often dominated nutrient pick considerations peculiarly with respects to organic nutrient pick. These common values including others that were invovled in nutrient dialogues among participants were identified as nucleus values responsible for organic nutrient pick considerations. Assorted factors of influence impacting organic nutrient pick were described by participants in this interview. The impact of these factors ranged from personal context, merchandise offerings to the consequence of external influences. Participants shared on what organic nutrients offered them, concentrating on merchandise properties and the impact external influences had on their picks. Percepts of organic nutrient were besides noted as participants describe their sentiments and experienced with organic nutrient. Their attitude towards organic nutrient was noted as they shared on the impact of external factors on their determination to buy organic nutrient. Reasons for involvement and disinterest in organic nutrient highlighted participant ‘s attitudes towards organic nutrient pick. Reasons for involvement in organic nutrient revolved around the benefits conferred by the merchandise attributes of organic nutrient. Naturalness, higher alimentary belongingss and enhanced centripetal entreaty of organic nutrient were responsible for increased involvement in organic merchandises. These properties besides formed the footing for conditional purchase of organic nutrients for several participants. The function of participants in life, peculiarly as household members and parents were seen to play an of import portion in nutrient pick determination devising. The individuality adopted in assorted state of affairss guided the values sought for when sing nutrient picks and organic nutrient was considered based on carry throughing cardinal values such as wellness and nutrient safety. For some participants, changing involvement degrees in organic nutrients was influenced by external influences such as handiness of organic merchandises, handiness of organic shops, societal influences and cost. Interestingly, deficiency of involvement in organic nutrients was besides attributed by similar external influences every bit good. These were considered under conditional fortunes and weighed based on single capacity and demands. The factors of influence identified were deliberated against personal nutrient values held by participants. These nutrient values played important functions in the considerations made towards organic nutrients picks. In contemplating the organic nutrient pick, personal nutrient values of nutrient safety, wellness, entreaty, ethical belief, trust, cognition, relationships, affordability and convenience were used as criterions against which organic nutrients were measured. Measurement of organic nutrient was reflected in the ability to run into single ‘s demands, household demands and ends of ingestion.III Food pick dialoguesScripts related to personal nutrient values and factors of influence were closely examined for happenings of outlooks, comparings, need fulfillment and balancing Acts of the Apostless taking topographic point as people considered organic nutrients. Using discourse analysis, a thorough scrutiny of selected books was conducted to foreground value dialogues happ ening as participants weigh their demands against the merchandise offerings of organic nutrient. As participants consider their picks in visible radiation of on-going external influences such as the local nutrient context, resource capacities and societal dealingss, schemes adopted to make a balanced point of view or considered determination are uncovered. These schemes and dialogue forms offer a clearer apprehension of the nutrient pick procedure involved for organic nutrient merchandises. Organic nutrient pick determinations are motivated by personal values which are embedded in nutrient experiences encountered in society. These personal nutrient values are formed harmonizing to people ‘s beliefs, demands and desires sing nutrient. These values are negotiated and compromised to bring forth a balance position that guides the perceptual experience and attitude of organic nutrients. To better understand the procedure of organic nutrient pick, a closer scrutiny of how personal nutrient values are considered in nutrient pick determinations was conducted. Below are selected remarks taken from interview books to exemplify the diverse and complex value dialogues that occur in organic nutrient pick considerations. In the first section of the interview session, participants were requested to portion their experiences and ideas on their current nutrient wonts. They were guided towards ideas on their nutrient pick behaviors such as types of nutrients preferred, common wonts when taking for nutrients, topographic points of purchase and willingness to seek new nutrient types. As these were approximately general nutrients wonts, it facilitated easiness of sharing. Understanding nutrient pick habits offers a broader position of the nutrient pick considerations of Singaporeans. Participants were so asked to portion on celebrated alterations in nutrient wonts happening in across their life. Food wonts and its alterations in life revealed factors of importance that influenced nutrient pick determinations. These besides offered insight into the personal nutrient values held by participants as organic nutrient picks were contemplated. Food pick behavior of participants in this survey were besides evaluated based on their involvement degrees in organic nutrients, penchant towards nutrient picks and experiences with nutrient. Due to the little figure of participants in this survey, findings from this analysis reflect some of the nutrient pick behavior of Singaporeans. Food pick wonts At the beginning of the interview, participants were requested to portion their nutrient purchasing wonts and purpose of purchase. Participants shared that nutrient picks made were based on nutrient beginning dependability, quality merchandises such as freshness, long term storage, pleasingness and good looking merchandises. Food picks were besides dependent on cooking manners peculiarly Asiatic cookery manners and culinary art. Food options revolved around handiness of merchandises suited for the coveted culinary art. Most participants mentioned trying to choose for healthy nutrient picks which included more veggies, whole nutrients and less processed nutrients. With respects to participants purchase purposes, run intoing wellness demands for betterment of current wellness status, recovery from unwellnesss and wellness bar intents were cited as cardinal considerations in nutrient picks made. This was peculiarly noted among nutrient picks made by participants with kids. Food picks were besides made based on kids ‘s gustatory sensation involvement and demands. Another ground mentioned for involvement in wellness nutrient wonts was involvement in fittingness. Several participants shared on their alterations in eating wonts based on involvement in losing weight, remaining tantrum and qui vive. The exposure to information on alternate nutrient picks such as organic nutrient was reported as grounds for alterations noted in nutrient picks. Increased handiness of information through the local media, health-related magazines and web site had raised people ‘s consciousness on populating a healthy life style. With the ability to do more informed nutrient pick determinations, alterations in nutrient choice wonts were mentioned. Past experiences with nutrient was observed to impact involvement in nutrient and affected nutrient picks over clip. The influence of parents on eating wonts was described by some participants as holding a permanent consequence on their nutrient picks. Some shared on wellness witting eating picks encouraged by parents while others mentioned limitations experienced in nutrient picks made by their parents. Some participants shared on their alterations in eating wonts as they transited from young person to adulthood. During young person, less attending was paid to wellness and picks were made to fulfill gustatory sensation and appetency. With age and higher disbursement power, more nutrient options were accessible. It was noted among several participants that with age, involvement in wellness consciousness was increased therefore taking to greater focal point on wellness nutrient options. Food experiences encountered during interaction with friends and people from assorted backgrounds were besides shared by participants. Some participants shared on their alterations in nutrient wonts after exposure to alternative nutrient beginnings such as organic nutrients during their stay overseas and the influence of interaction with organic nutrient advocators. Interest in organic nutrients Interest degrees in organic nutrients varied among participants for different grounds. Eighty-eight per centum of participants interviewed in this survey purchased organic nutrients at least one time a twelvemonth ( 16 purchased hebdomadally, 20 purchased at least one time a twelvemonth and 5 ne'er purchased organic nutrients ) . Participants who were interested in organic nutrients had positive experiences based on past organic nutrient ingestion and tests. Some were motivated by wellness grounds or were encouraged by friends and household. For others, involvement in organic nutrients was dependent on merchandise entreaty, temper, increasing presence of alternate picks. Curiosity and willingness to seek new types of nutrient were besides attributed to increasing involvement in organic nutrient merchandises. Some participants shared that organic nutrient pick had become a lifestyle alteration and continual involvement in organic nutrient as a nutrient wont was maintained through expo sure to more information on natural and organic nutrients. Those interested in organic nutrient exhibited personalities such as willingness to seek new nutrient types and openness to information about alternate nutrient types. Health witting behaviors, healthy feeding picks and willingness to go in hunt of healthy nutrient options were besides features described by those interested in devouring organic nutrients. Lack of involvement was noted in 12 % of participants who were deterred from buying organic nutrients due to common wonts of buying certain nutrient types, deficiency of a compelling ground to pass more on organic nutrients, big assortment of non-organic nutrient options available, absence of involvement, minimum apprehension of the benefits of organic nutrients, handiness and cost issues. Some participants shared that their deficiency of involvement was based on the absence of sufficient informations to turn out the benefits of organic nutrient promised. Higher cost and limited assortment available added to the neutrality experienced. Those who lack involvement in organic nutrients or ne'er considered organic nutrient options described themselves as non being adventuresome in seeking new nutrient types and preferred to adhere to habitual nutrient options. Some considered themselves conservative feeders while others were apathetic to new nutrient options due to past nutrient wonts. Drumhead Food pick behaviors are based on people ‘s wonts and involvement in nutrient. In this survey, participants shared their nutrient wonts, experiences and alterations observed over time.rephrase Interest in factors related to merchandise properties, run intoing the demands of peculiar culinary art and wellness attention were some of the cardinal focal point of nutrient pick. Fitness attention and involvement in carry throughing kids ‘s demands were besides cited as purchase purposes among participants. External factors that affected alterations in eating wonts included exposure to information on healthy nutrient picks, increased income capacity and societal exchanges on nutrient experiences. Age alteration was besides another factor shared by several participants that impacted nutrient picks made peculiarly in position of continuing wellness. Reasons for involvement and disinterest in organic nutrients reveal to us certain factors which are valued in people ‘s nutrient considerations. Interest in organic nutrients was seen to be motivated by wellness consciousness, merchandise entreaty and benefits offered by alternate nutrient picks. Issues refering to handiness, cost and deficiency of sufficient information were cited as grounds for neutrality in organic nutrients. Examination of participants ‘ nutrient wonts, behaviors and involvement in nutrients reveal cardinal motive factors that influence nutrient picks. An rating of these factors would supply grounds for its significance in nutrient pick peculiarly towards organic nutrient pick. It besides highlights assorted personal nutrient values sought for in nutrient determinations. In subsequent analysis, a closer probe of these factors would be conducted as participants portion their positions on organic nutrients.II Factors of influence and perceptual experiences of organic nutrientIn the undermentioned section of the interview, participants were requested to portion freely on their ideas about organic nutrients including what it means to them and if they considered buying organic nutrients. Participants were asked to portion their sentiments and their grounds for involvement or disinterest in organic nutrient. Common themes related to organic nutrient pick were identified utilizing a combi nation of conventional and directed analysis methods. Emerging subjects from interview books were corroborated with findings from similar research on organic nutrient pick. The subjects were so evaluated for its relevancy in organic nutrient considerations and labelled consequently under the term ‘factors of influence ‘ . These factors are believed to undergird people ‘s organic nutrient pick determinations. Interview books related to these factors of influence were extracted and analysed separately for its impact on organic nutrient pick. Using discourse analysis, books refering to each factor of influence were closely examined for its significance and part to organic nutrient pick determinations. Organic nutrient perceptual experiences and attitudes are formed through assorted influences including personal experiences with nutrient and external affects through societal interactions. The formation of perceptual experiences and attitudes occur over clip as people indulge in exposure to more information on nutrient and regular contact with the local nutrient environment. In this survey, participants shared their perceptual experiences and attitudes to organic nutrient as they deliberated nutrient picks through their conversations. Their perceptual experiences on organic nutrients are revealed as they refer to assorted factors of influence that play a portion in their determinations.

Types of Medical School Admissions Interviews

Types of Medical School Admissions Interviews If you are the recipient of a coveted email inviting you to interview for medical school admission, start preparing now. There’s a great deal of general advice on the process of interviewing for med school, including tips on what to wear, what to ask, what you may be asked, and what to ask. Recognize, however, that there is no one standard interview format. Who Will Interview You? You can expect to be interviewed by any combination of faculty, admissions officers, and, sometimes, advanced medical students. The exact composition of the med school admissions committee will vary by program. Prepare to be interviewed by a range of faculty with differing interests and perspectives. Try to predict the interest of each potential committee member as well as something that you might ask of him or her. For example, you might ask the med student about opportunities for clinical experience. Recognize that there is no standard interview format. Some medical schools conduct one-on-one interviews, others rely on a committee. Sometimes you might be interviewed alone. Other programs interview a group of applicants at once. The interview format also varies. Below are the major interview types that you can expect. Panel Interview This is a meeting with several interviewers (referred to as a panel) at once. The panel usually includes a variety of faculty in different medical areas and in clinical medicine as well as basic research. A medical student is often a member of the interview committee. Try to anticipate the questions each member of the committee might have and be prepared to speak to the concerns of each. Blind Interview In a blind interview, the interviewer is â€Å"blinded† from your application, He or she knows nothing about you. Your job is to introduce yourself to the interviewer, from scratch. The question you are most likely to face in this interview is: â€Å"Tell me about yourself.† Be ready. Be selective, yet detailed in what you present. Remember that the interviewer has not seen your grades, MCAT scores, or admissions essays. You will likely discuss much of the material in your admissions essays as well as explain why you want to be a doctor. Partial Blind Interview Unlike the blind interview in which the interviewer knows nothing about you, in a partial blind interview, the interview has seen only part of your application. For example, the interviewer may read your essays but know nothing about your grades and MCAT score. Or the reverse may be true. Open Interview In an open interview the interviewer reviews applicant material at his or her discretion. The interviewer may choose to be blind to all or part of the application. Therefore an open interview may include the basic question such as â€Å"Describe yourself† or detailed questions designed to follow up on your admissions essays. Stress Interview A stress interview places the med school applicant under a magnifying glass. The intent is to see how you function under pressure. The interviewer or interviewers ask questions to make you uncomfortable to observe how you speak and behave when stressed. The stress interview is intended to find out what a candidate is really like, apart from the interview preparation and etiquette. A stress interview might include questions about sensitive topics or personal questions that are not permitted. Applicants might gently call the interviewer on the question, asking why it is relevant. He or she might diffuse it or choose to answer it. The interviewer is more interested in how the applicant responds than what he or she says. Other questions might be factual, with trivia-like details. The interviewer might respond negatively to everything that you say by making negative remarks or through body language such as crossing the arms or turning away. If you find yourself in a stress interview remem ber that the interviewer is interested in how you function under stress. Take your time in responding. Keep your cool. Remember the Purpose As you plan for your medical school interview, remember that the purpose is to let the interviewers get to know you. Until your interview, you are nothing but a transcript, MCAT score, and essay. Be yourself. Plan ahead by considering topics of discussion and the points you would make, but be natural. During your interview say what you think, ask questions about topics that are important to you, and be authentic.